四川減水劑是種能減(jian)少混凝土中必要的(de)單位用水量，并(bing)能滿足規(gui)定(ding)的(de)稠(chou)度要求，提高混凝土和易性的(de)外加劑。

減(jian)水(shui)劑的(de)(de)(de)主要作用(yong)(yong)有以(yi)下幾個(ge)方面(mian)：增加(jia)水(shui)化效(xiao)率，減(jian)少單位用(yong)(yong)水(shui)量，增加(jia)強度，節省水(shui)泥用(yong)(yong)量；改善尚未凝(ning)固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)和(he)易性(xing)(xing)，防止混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)成分的(de)(de)(de)離(li)析；提(ti)高抗滲性(xing)(xing)，減(jian)水(shui)透水(shui)性(xing)(xing)，避免混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)建筑結構漏水(shui)，增加(jia)耐久性(xing)(xing)，增加(jia)耐化學(xue)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)(xing)能；減(jian)少混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)凝(ning)固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)縮率，防止混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)構件產(chan)生裂紋(wen)；提(ti)高抗凍(dong)性(xing)(xing)，有利(li)于冬季(ji)施工。在混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、砂漿(jiang)和(he)凈漿(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)制備過程(cheng)中，摻入(ru)少量的(de)(de)(de)（不(bu)超水(shui)泥用(yong)(yong)量的(de)(de)(de)5％）能對混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、砂漿(jiang)或凈漿(jiang)改變性(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)一種產(chan)品，稱為混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)外(wai)加(jia)劑。

在(zai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)加(jia)入適量(liang)的外(wai)加(jia)劑(ji)，能提高混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)質量(liang)，改善(shan)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)性能，減少混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)，節約水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥，降低成(cheng)本，加(jia)快施(shi)(shi)工進(jin)度。隨著(zhu)技(ji)術(shu)的進(jin)步(bu)，外(wai)加(jia)劑(ji)已成(cheng)為除水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥、粗細骨料(liao)、摻合(he)料(liao)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)以外(wai)的第5種必備(bei)材料(liao)，摻外(wai)加(jia)劑(ji)是混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)配合(he)比優(you)化設計和(he)(he)提高混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)耐久性的一項(xiang)重要措施(shi)(shi)。因此(ci)新修訂的《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工規范》（DL/T5144－2001）強調，水(shui)(shui)(shui)工混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)必須摻加(jia)適量(liang)的外(wai)加(jia)劑(ji)。

減水劑(ji)又(you)稱塑化(hua)劑(ji)或(huo)分散(san)劑(ji)。

拌(ban)和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土時(shi)加入適量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)，可使(shi)水(shui)(shui)泥顆粒分散均勻(yun)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)將水(shui)(shui)泥顆粒包裹的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)份釋放出來，從而能(neng)明(ming)顯減(jian)(jian)少混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)。減(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)在(zai)保持(chi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土配合比不變(bian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，改善其工作性(xing)(xing)(xing)；或在(zai)保持(chi)工作性(xing)(xing)(xing)不變(bian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下減(jian)(jian)少用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)，提高(gao)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土強度；或在(zai)保持(chi)強度不變(bian)時(shi)減(jian)(jian)少水(shui)(shui)泥用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，節約(yue)水(shui)(shui)泥，降低成本。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，加入減(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)后混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土更為均勻(yun)密實，改善一(yi)系(xi)列物理化學性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，如抗滲性(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗凍性(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗侵蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，提高(gao)了混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)耐久(jiu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。

以往(wang)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)一(yi)般是紙漿廢液、木鈣、糖(tang)蜜(mi)一(yi)類的(de)(de)普(pu)(pu)通減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)率不高(gao)(gao)(gao)，一(yi)般為5％～10％。隨著對(dui)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，對(dui)減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要求(qiu)(qiu)也越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。二灘(tan)、三峽等大型水(shui)(shui)電工(gong)程大量(liang)(liang)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)萘系(xi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)率高(gao)(gao)(gao)達20%～30％，主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)來配制高(gao)(gao)(gao)強(qiang)度(du)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)流態混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)或(huo)是需大幅度(du)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)效減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)對(dui)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)泥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)效率具有明(ming)顯效果(guo)，可(ke)節省水(shui)(shui)泥用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)20％左右。三峽工(gong)程花崗巖(yan)人工(gong)骨料混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)通減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)時，用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達110 kg/m3左右，采用(yong)(yong)了(le)優選的(de)(de)ZB－1A高(gao)(gao)(gao)效減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)，并和DH9引氣劑(ji)(ji)、Ⅰ級(ji)粉煤灰聯摻后，用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)降至85 kg/m3左右，達到(dao)了(le)國內外**水(shui)(shui)平。三峽工(gong)程還(huan)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)了(le)減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)率更(geng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)丙烯酸類高(gao)(gao)(gao)效減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)X404，減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)率在30％以上，但這(zhe)類減(jian)(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)價格昂貴，主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)在高(gao)(gao)(gao)強(qiang)度(du)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)部(bu)位。

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